Does the UN hold relevance in today’s world Essay Example for Free

Does the UN hold relevance in today’s world Essay After the failure of League of Nations, the necessity of an international organization of wider character was felt. This need was fulfilled with the creation of UN in 1945. It had the responsibility to maintain international peace and promote cooperation in solving international economic, social and humanitarian problems. The UN has completed fifty seven years and apparently seems to be more assertive, confident and visible, both in its approach and actions. The recent manifestations of this confidence have been its interventions in Kuwait, Somalia, Angola, Rwanda, Zaire and Afghanistan Apart from few highlights the UN has always been in question for its power to handle the disturbing issues around the world. The founders of the UN had envisaged that the organization would act to prevent conflicts between nations and make future wars impossible, however the outbreak of the Cold War made peacekeeping agreements extremely difficult because of the division of the world into hostile camps. The UN has also drawn criticism for perceived failures. In many cases, member states have shown reluctance to achieve or enforce Security Council resolutions, an issue that stems from the UNs intergovernmental nature—seen by some as simply an association of 192 member states who must reach consensus, not an independent organization Looking at the past it can be said that UN has failed in serious issues but nevertheless it has made progress toward world cooperation and has adapted to changing circumstances that were not dreamed of by its founders.

The Contribution of Patient Case Studies on our Understanding of Cognit

Although it shares cognitive neuroscience’s roots, cognitive neuropsychology has developed into a discrete discipline. While cognitive neuroscience studies neural organisation of the brain, cognitive neuropsychology concerns itself with the brain’s functional architecture; Coltheart (2010) describes this as a distinction between brain and mind. According to, among others, Coltheart (2002, cited Coltheart, 2010) this makes cognitive neuropsychology a branch of cognitive psychology rather than neuroscience. Patient case studies have played a critical role in developing cognitive neuropsychology into a separate discipline, although data from case studies can support and even progress cognitive neuroscientific findings about neural architecture. Cognitive neuroscientific research has identified dorsal and ventral visual pathways (e.g. Shapley, 1995, cited Pike and Edgar, 2010) in the brain, known respectively as the ‘where’ and the ‘what’ pathways. A case study of patient DF by Milner and Goodale (1995, cited Pike and Edgar, 2010) found impairment in face and object recognition and visual discrimination, suggesting damage to the ventral pathway. When asked to pick up a small disc, the width of which she could not judge, the distance between DF’s index finger and thumb correlated highly with the actual disc width, suggesting that she was able to guide action using size information unavailable to conscious report. Milner and Goodale went on to develop the ve ntral/dorsal dissociation theory by suggesting that the ventral ‘what’ pathway processes object recognition while the dorsal ‘where’ system drives action in relation to an object (Goodale and Milner, 1992; Milner and Goodale, 1995, both cited Pike and Edgar, 2010). Thus a patie... ...In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Methods Companion (2nd ed., pp. 59-102). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Patterson, K. And Plaut, D.C. (2009). ‘†Shallow Draughts Intoxicate the Brain†: Lessons from Cognitive Science for Cognitive Neuropsychology’, Topics in Cognitive Science, vol. 1 (1), pp.39-58. Pike, G. and Edgar, G. (2010). ‘Perception’. In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Cognitive Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 63-104). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Rutherford, A. (2010). ‘Long-term memory: encoding to retrieval’. In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Cognitive Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 63-104). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Wierenga, C.E., Maher, L.M., Moore, A., White, K.D., McGregor, K., Soltysik, D.A. and Crosson, B. (2006). ‘Neural substrates of syntactic mapping treatment: An fMRI study of two cases’, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol. 12(1), pp.132-146. The Contribution of Patient Case Studies on our Understanding of Cognit Although it shares cognitive neuroscience’s roots, cognitive neuropsychology has developed into a discrete discipline. While cognitive neuroscience studies neural organisation of the brain, cognitive neuropsychology concerns itself with the brain’s functional architecture; Coltheart (2010) describes this as a distinction between brain and mind. According to, among others, Coltheart (2002, cited Coltheart, 2010) this makes cognitive neuropsychology a branch of cognitive psychology rather than neuroscience. Patient case studies have played a critical role in developing cognitive neuropsychology into a separate discipline, although data from case studies can support and even progress cognitive neuroscientific findings about neural architecture. Cognitive neuroscientific research has identified dorsal and ventral visual pathways (e.g. Shapley, 1995, cited Pike and Edgar, 2010) in the brain, known respectively as the ‘where’ and the ‘what’ pathways. A case study of patient DF by Milner and Goodale (1995, cited Pike and Edgar, 2010) found impairment in face and object recognition and visual discrimination, suggesting damage to the ventral pathway. When asked to pick up a small disc, the width of which she could not judge, the distance between DF’s index finger and thumb correlated highly with the actual disc width, suggesting that she was able to guide action using size information unavailable to conscious report. Milner and Goodale went on to develop the ve ntral/dorsal dissociation theory by suggesting that the ventral ‘what’ pathway processes object recognition while the dorsal ‘where’ system drives action in relation to an object (Goodale and Milner, 1992; Milner and Goodale, 1995, both cited Pike and Edgar, 2010). Thus a patie... ...In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Methods Companion (2nd ed., pp. 59-102). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Patterson, K. And Plaut, D.C. (2009). ‘†Shallow Draughts Intoxicate the Brain†: Lessons from Cognitive Science for Cognitive Neuropsychology’, Topics in Cognitive Science, vol. 1 (1), pp.39-58. Pike, G. and Edgar, G. (2010). ‘Perception’. In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Cognitive Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 63-104). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Rutherford, A. (2010). ‘Long-term memory: encoding to retrieval’. In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Cognitive Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 63-104). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Wierenga, C.E., Maher, L.M., Moore, A., White, K.D., McGregor, K., Soltysik, D.A. and Crosson, B. (2006). ‘Neural substrates of syntactic mapping treatment: An fMRI study of two cases’, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol. 12(1), pp.132-146.

BCOM Syllabus

Other topics Include communication ethics, elaboration, Information utilization, critical thinking, and professional competence and values. Course Dates 35 days Faculty Information Not Available Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents (both located on your student website): Academic Policies university policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality n which you attend class.If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Get Ready for Class Familiarize yourself with the textbooks used In this course. Course Materials All electronic materials are available on your student website. Weekly Organizational Culture and Communication 7 days Tasks Review the Week One Student Guide 1. 1 Use the tools available to University o f Phoenix students. 1. 2 Explain the relationship between organization culture and organizational communication. 3 Explain how adapting the message to the audience affects business communication. Required Learning Activities Organizational Behavior, Chi. 17 Business Communication, Chi. 1 Business Communication, Chi. 2 Business Communication, Chi. 3 Business Communication, Chi. 4 Week One Electronic Reserve Readings See the student website for additional recommended learning activities that may help you learn this week's concepts. Assignments Assignments will be provided by your faculty and displayed here when class starts weekGroup Communication Review the Week Two Student Guide Objectives/Competencies 2. 1 Describe barriers to group communication. 2. 2 Describe techniques to enhance group communication. 2. 3 Identify the role of? conflict in group communication. Communicating in Small Groups, Chi. 1 Communicating in Small Groups, Chi. 6 Communicating in Small Groups, Chi. 7 Busines s Communication, Chi. 5 Business Communication, Chi. 6 Business Communication, Chi. 7 Organizational Behavior, Chi. 11 Week Two Electronic Reserve Readings weekThe Influence of Leadership on Group Communication Review the Week Three Student Guide 3. 1 Explain the effects of leadership style on group communication. 3. 2 Compare the influence of different sources of power on group and organizational communication. Organizational Behavior, Chi. 13 Organizational Behavior, Chi. 14 Communicating in Small Groups, Chi. 12 Week Three Electronic Reserve Readings Week Information Utilization and Communication Week Four Student Guide 4. 1 Compare different forms of communication and their use in business immunization. . 2 Identify relevant information for communication with a specific audience. 4. 3 Create appropriate forms of communication to meet the needs of a specific audience. Business Communication, Chi. 10 11 Week Four Electronic Reserve Readings week Formal Communication Week Five Stud ent Guide 5. 1 Analyze the role of ethics in business communication. ? 5. 2 Evaluate the effectiveness of business communication. Business Communication, Chi. 16 Business Communication, Chi. 17 Business Communication, Chi.Appendix E Week Five Electronic Reserve Readings Trademark All trademarks are property of their respective owners. University of [email  protected] is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. In the United States and/or other countries. [email  protected], Window†, and [email  protected] are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation.

Understanding Cardinal Numbers in Latin

Latin numbers are usually adjectives. When there are three forms, the Latin number has a masculine, feminine, and neuter form, in that order. The numbers follow the appropriate declension rules. Note that there is no singular form for most of the numbers and no plural form for the number 1. Numbers 1 - unus, una, unum 2 - duo, duae, duo 3 - tres, tres, tria 4 - quattuor 5 - quinque 6 - sex 7 - septem 8 - octo 9 - novem 10 - decem 11 - undecim 12 - duodecim 13 - tredecim 14 - quattuordecim 15 - quindecim 16 - sedecim 17 - septendecim 18 - duodeviginti 19 - undeviginti 20 - viginti 21 - viginti unus 30 - triginta 40 - quadraginta 50 - quinquaginta 60 - sexaginta 70 - septuaginta 80 - octoginta 90 - nonaginta 100 - centum 200 - ducenti, ducentae, ducenta 300 - trecenti, trecentae, trecenta 400 - quadrigenti, quadrigentae, quadrigenta(*) 500 - quingenti, quingentae, quingenta 600 - sescenti, sescentae, sescenta 700 - septingenti, septingentae, septingenta 800 - octingenti, octingentae, octingenta 900 - nongenti, nongentae, nongenta 1000 - mille 2000 - duo milia Counting Numbers Eng Latin French Italian Spanish 1 one unus un uno uno 2 two duo deux due dos 3 three tres trois tre tres 4 four quattuor quatre quattro cuatro 5 five quinque cinq cinque cinco 6 six sex six sei seis 7 seven septem sept sette siete 8 eight octo huit otto ocho 9 nine novem neuf nove nueve 10 ten decem dix dieci diez

Essay on Effects of Alcohol on Nutrition - 562 Words

Effects of Alcohol on Nutrition There are many affects alcohol has on nutrition, in people of all ages. Each year more than 100,000 people die from alcohol related causes. According to the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug dependence more than 13 million Americans abuse alcohol. There are different types of alcohol dependency psychologically dependent and physically dependent. If you crave alcohol, or feel distresses without it you are said to be psychologically dependent, if your body changes when alcohol is stopped such as hot/cold flashes, tremor, or seizures you are physically dependent. One effect that alcohol has is on pregnant women, this causes fetal alcohol syndrome, this cause low IQ, fine motor skills†¦show more content†¦~Alcohol is a complex drug it is both water and fat soluble which means it affects all the organs and tissues in the body. ~ High rate of tumors in the breast, liver, and mouth. Liver- Cirrhosis long term affect and main killer of older drinkers. Stomach- Irritates lining, vomiting is particularly visible result, ulcers Central Nervous system- depresses almost every brain function from balance to breathing, liver damage will reverse process and speed up damage to body particularly the brain. ~ Alcohol interferes with essential nutrients, it drains vitamins in body and slows absorption of new ones. ATTENTION WOMEN: 1 drink a day increases breast cancer by 30% 2-5 drinks aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1390 Words   |  6 PagesNutrition is a key component of an individual’s healthy well being. Many factors have a significant effect on nutrition and it is important to continuously maintain a balanced one. Having a good nutrition is one of the main defenses for an innumerous amount of illnesses and diseases that can harm the body. One would ask, â€Å"What is nutrition per say, and how do we maintain the balance of it?† Nutrition is defined as â€Å"the sum of the processes by which [a living thing] takes in and utilizes foodRead MoreA Multidisciplinary Approach On Nutrition And Behavior1022 Words   |  5 PagesThis book provides readers with information through the use of a multidisciplinary approach on how the areas of nutrition and psychology connect. The book is comprised of 15 chapters where chapter contents include: concepts and models in nutrition and behavior; effects of chronic and acute forms of under nutrition; dietary supplements, mental performance and behavior; alcohol, brain functioning and behavior; and behavioral aspects of overweight and obesity. The book concludes with an appendix andRead MoreEnvironmental Factors That Affect Intelligence995 Words   |  4 Pagesfactors combined, and can not be affected in the early childhood. This essay will argue that environmental factors can affect intelligence because of the influence of prenatal factors, nutrition, and education. One reason that intelligence can be influenced by environmental factors is the prenatal factor. The negative effects on negative intake will change the body condition, especially in the pregnancy stage. Overusing drugs are the most dangerous way that can lead to an irreversible result. The bingeRead MoreAdvances Of Treatment Of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesAdvances in Treatment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2015), in 2011 to 2013, one in ten pregnant women reported consuming alcohol in the past 30 days. Additionally, one in 33 women admitted to binge drinking during pregnancy (CDC, 2015). Consummation of alcohol during pregnancy is one of the leading causes for developmental disabilities. The term fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is being increasingly used to refer to theRead MoreNutritional Knowledge And Athletes : Nutrition1661 Words   |  7 PagesTyler Inch Nutrition Paper Nutritional Knowledge and Athletes How well do you know nutrition? Do you know the recommended daily intakes of the three macronutrients – carbohydrates, proteins, and fats? All people have varying levels of nutritional knowledge and there are a number of ways that a person can go about enhancing their nutritional knowledge including Internet research and speaking with a nutritionist or dietitian. However, no matter how much any person knows about nutrition, one wouldRead MoreThe Energy Crisis Called Caffeine1172 Words   |  5 Pagesmisused. Namely, it can cause heart palpitations, twitching. The following paper will hope to cover the dangers of caffeine, what forms it comes in, the dangers they pose, and how it could be utilized properly. First of all, drinks that mix both alcohol and caffeine at the same can create very potent and dangerous combination. Normally when you binge drinks, it renders you more tired and impairs your motor skills. As explained by Johnston, â€Å"...adding caffeine to the mix might seem like a way to avoidRead MoreThe Choice Of Multi Grain Bread1336 Words   |  6 Pagesof the greatest influencers in the foods we as students select for consumption. If universities viewed nutrition more as a tool for their students to excel and less as a for profit business, we would have access to a greater variety of healthy options at a more reasonable price and better academic performance according to what research shows (Ponsonby 2004) it also suggests that poorer nutrition can negatively affect academic performance and can affect hormone balances within consumers. By doing thisRead MoreEvaluation Of The Public Health Services Provided By My Practicum Cite789 Words   |  4 Pagescite is Women, Infan ts and Children program. WIC is a federal assistance program for health care and nutrition of low-income pregnant women, breast feeding women, and infants and children aged less than 5 years. Through WIC program women and children get nutrition counseling, breastfeeding support and health education. In addition to education WIC program also collects data for Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System. The data collected includes demographics, maternal health indicators - prepregnancyRead MoreStages Of A Good Nutrition Helps Adults Enjoy An Active Lifestyle Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on different factors such as physical activity, body size, gender, illness, and medication use. Adulthood is a period of optimum mental functioning when the capacities intellectual, emotional, and social are achieved. During this stage a good nutrition helps to adults enjoy an active lifestyle. For most people, this is the time when their bodies are in the best condition. The body of an adult does not need to devote its energy and resources to support the rapid growth and development that characterizesRead MoreCoffee And Depression : The Fifth Korean National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesCoffee and depression in Korea: the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (3) Introduction The article â€Å"Coffee and depression in Korea: the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey† was published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2015. The question the authors looked at was whether there was a correlation between coffee consumption and the prevalence of depression among South Korean adults. There had been no previous studies examining

Essay on Strategic Risk Management for Llyods Pharmacy

Strategic Risk Management for Llyodspharmacy Submitted To Mr. TK Submitted By Student no. 1004288 Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 1. Introduction 4 1.1 CURRENT PROBLEMS 4 2. RISKS IDENTIFIED 5 2.1 Political Environment 5 2.2 Changes in regulation 5 2.3 Changes in consumer behavior 5 2.4 Competition 6 2.5 Unprofessional Services 6 2.6 Occupational Health and safety risks 6 2.7 Product risk 7 2.8 Critical systems failure – Loss of Data 7 2.9 Currency exchange 7 3. MITIGATION 9 3.1 Political Environment 9 3.2 Impact of regulation 9 3.3 Changes in consumer behavior 9 3.4 Competition 9 3.5 Unprofessional Services 10†¦show more content†¦The political environment is likely to keep changing in at least some of the countries where Lloyds is operating. If this is not mitigated it could have higher impact than 3. 2.2 Changes in regulation Any changes in existing regulation could pose a threat to the company since it operates in regulated markets. Failure to keep up with the regulation and abide by new rules immediately could have negative impacts for the company. Prasant Manandhar, head pharmacist at Hemel Hempstead noted, â€Å"These companies could face problems with licensing, processing prescriptions or even with regulations of product traceability and how products need to be stored etc. quite easily if the regulations change even slightly.† This is a very regulated market, thus the regulation does not change very frequently however, since Lloydspharmacy operates in more than 20 countries, it is possible that within the next 2-3 years, there could be some changes in one or more of these countries. The impact is moderate because companies are usually prepared for changes like these. Also the mitigation is not very difficult therefore with a representative in major trade associations Lloyds can be prepared for it. 2.3 Changes in consumer behavior Change in consumer behavior could negatively impact Lloydspharmacy. If customers spend less on their products, if shopping habits and preferences change and people

Emergency Operations Plan free essay sample

Movement November 22, 2010 Emergency planning has changed very much since the 9/1 1 attacks. Law enforcement agencies focus more on prevention, preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. With planning and efforts made by law enforcement agencies, the law enforcement community can provide a comprehensive emergency management and security program (ENMESHED/MSP, 2009). The first phase in producing an effective emergency program Is prevention.This phase of emergency planning prevents emergencies from occurring. The importance of proactive patrolling is crucial in the prevention of some criminal activity that could lead to an emergency (ENMESHED/MSP, 2009). The second phase In producing an effective emergency plan Includes the preparedness of law enforcement agencies. Preparedness Includes developing, researching, and testing of risk assessments, emergency personnel, notification systems, resources and supplies, and information dissemination. Preparedness will also help coordinate and develop plans to save lives.The third phase In emergency planning is response; this phase provides the assistance during an emergency to reverent further injuries, property damage, and help to accelerate recovery. The response phase also Includes the implementation of emergency operational plans, the Issuance of public warnings, field operations, and development of Incident action plans, and the command, and control of the incident (ENMESHED/MSP, 2009). Next, recovery is the fourth phase in emergency planning; this phase is responsible for the recovery and restoring of all systems.Recovery in short-term operations focuses on the return of all vital life support systems including roads, power, water and sewer, and food services to minimum operations. Part of the recovery process also Include relocation, counseling, financial aid, and housing. The final phase is the mitigation phase; this long-term phase is designed to prevent the probability of a disaster. The mitigation phase includes activity that will reduce the effects of disasters that include planning, educating the public, enforcing codes, and the use of land management.Planning for an emergency can help ease The city of Detroit is a ma jor urban city in this country with approximately 850,000 residents; the city is no stranger to major incidents. In 2004, at the International Freedom Fireworks, a lone gunman fired shots into a large crowd resulted in nine people hurt. The pandemonium this event caused was astronomical, not only was it difficult to attend to the victims, the search for the shooter and setting up a perimeter was difficult.The city of Detroit emergency plan as illustrated by the Detroit Police Department was designed and calculated to handle most emergencies in the event of a major incident. City of Detroit Emergency Plan Emergency incident response was designed to provide general guidelines for responding to a broad range of emergency situation. Examples of these emergency tuitions may include a barricaded gunman or woman, civil disorder, bomb threats, hazardous material, disasters made naturally or man-made or other incidents of occurrence where a rapid and organized response is needed for an emergency situation.The city of Detroit Police Department shall institute the Incident Command System when responding to an emergency situation. Whenever the Detroit Police Department is the lead agency in responding to an emergency, the responding officer shall assume the tactical control of the emergency as the incident commander. However, in those instances which the Detroit Police Department is not the lead agency such as a hazardous material response or three alarm fires, then the first officers arriving on the scene will provide the initial command until the lead agency arrives (DIP, 2010).Thereafter, a supervisor of the lead agency will then take over the command of the emergency situation. The first officers arriving on the scene will remain and continue to provide law enforcement duties and assist at the direction of the incident commander. In the emergency response procedures the fundamental priorities for officers include ; Preservation of life ; Scene stabilization ; Suspect apprehension ; Property preservation Evidence collection ; Environmental protection (DIP, 2010). Person involved in responding to the emergency.The first arriving officers on the scene shall perform in sequential order several important procedures: ; Make an initial assessment of the situation ; Advise dispatch the nature and sc ope of the emergency ; Identify equipment needed and proper personnel ; Advise on safe avenue to approach scene ; Notify officer in-charge of district desk (DIP, 2010). The incident commander when arriving on the scene shall first notify dispatch that he or she is taking command of the situation. Second, the incident commander will establish a field command post and staging area in a safe location.The incident commander will also find a way to contain and isolate the situation by setting up a perimeter around the situation. The incident commander is also responsible for providing other key functions including: ; Delegating authority for other essential operations ; Site isolation ; Perimeter security ; Strike forces ; Media relations In emergency situations which the Special Response Team is activated the commanding officer of the unit will then assume control of the situation from the incident commander, and all communications will flow through him or her.The SORT commander will not make any decisions without prior consent from the assistant chief or the Chief of Police. In the event the AC or chief is not available, the SORT commander will make any final decisions (DIP, 2010). After careful review of the City of Detroit Emergency Plans several improvements to the plan need revising. In using the SOOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats), the city of Detroit Emergency Plan is evaluated in the below synopsis. I Strength I WeaknessI I Initial Officer observation I In most cases an officers observation may not gather I I Proper notification to dispatch I Most agencies use the same frequency channel, in the event of an emergency Jamming up the I I out other units from responding to other emergencies. Channel will lock I I Identifying other personnel I When officers first arrive on the scene, if the officer does not make the proper assessment I I needed on scene down the efforts of containing the situation. He scene I None I he or she will slow I I Proper approach to Notification of desk personnel I Oftentimes officers arriving first on the scene may to have all the correct information to I I I provide to the desk or in some cases time to inform the desk supervisor if immediate care is I I I needed. Authority I I Delegation of I Unfortunately, the Detroit Police Department uses a manipulation system that notifies I I I executives when such an emergency occurs and when executives arrive on th e scene right after I I each other the command structure is lost.I Site isolation Perimeter security I None I During an emergency situation security personnel cannot always secure the scene if casualties I attending to during the initial contact. None land the wounded need I Strike forces I I Media relations I The incident commander may allow too much information out to the media that may cause I Opportunity I I Preserving life I citizens to worry. I Threats I Conditions at the scene could pose a problem for the victim and the first responders. I I Controlling the scene I The scene conditions could fall apart and pose a threat to first responders at the scene. I I Apprehending suspects at the I If the suspect remains at the scene, it is possible he or she may use other citizens in a I Scene I hostage situation. I I Preserving property I While at the scene minimizing the destruction to repertory would help avoid hazardous emergency situation is under control. I conditions once the I Collection of evidence I Based on the emergency the collection of evidence may cause a hazard if the collection is I I unstable.